News from other sites

The debut of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Precision Ag Practicum is next week at the Ag Research and Development Center near Mead.  There is still time to enroll if you are looking for an opportunity to sharpen your Precision Agriculture skills and learn about the latest developments with this technology including irrigation applications.

This new program offered by University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension is designed for:

• Farm operators wishing to get more return on their precision ag dollar investment
• Crop consultants and industry agronomists who desire to provide more accurate information and better service to their customers
• Corporate industry and government agency personnel needing to know and understand the technology being used in today’s production agriculture.
• Precision ag instructors

Learn more at http://ardc.unl.edu/precisionagpracticum/.

In this edition of the Precision Pays Podcast, sponsored by Ag Leader Technology, we listen to an explanation of how precision agriculture sometimes actually misses the mark.

The whole idea of precision agriculture is being able to precisely place seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and any other applications in the exact right place at the exact right time in the exact right portion, right? Well, it’s not always that easy. And attendees at the recent International Conference on Precision Agriculture heard that sometimes you just have to realize that precision agriculture is not that precise.

Auburn University associate professor and extension specialist John Fulton held a session where he explained some of the limiting factors you have to consider when using precision practices. He explained you have to consider the actual physics involved to get the molecules of chemicals to the nozzle tip and how the speed the tractor is moving can affect the actual application.

His biggest advice to the audience was to slow down.

You can hear more of my conversation with Fulton in this edition of the Precision Pays Podcast it in the player below below. Precision Pays Podcast

You can subscribe to the Precision Pays Podcast here.

Precision ag was highlighted at the Nutrient Use Efficiency Expo during the recent Conservation in Action Tour by a company called Geosys. Company representative Don Lampker says they do a lot with satellite imagery and have a product called FieldInSite which helps farmers map their fields so they can make decisions on which areas are most productive. They can then create nutrient management plans for variable rate application systems.

It’s all about the more efficient use of nitrogen so Don says there may be some areas of a field where they actually apply more nitrogen while in other areas it will be reduced if it’s not getting used efficiently.

Listen to an interview with Don from the CTIC tour here: Don Lampker Interview

Conservation In Action Tour 2010 Photo Album

Coverage of the Conservation In Action Tour was made possible by and the

We all know the complexity and challenges of precision farming technology, along with the value of a local technician who can resolve issues quickly. Since change is rampant in this industry, quality education leading to skilled employees is paramount.

To this end, it’s always refreshing to know that companies are working with universities to make sure today’s students are gaining practical experience and hands-on learning—along with critical thinking and communications skills.

Iowa State University began a Precision Ag Lab in 2007, thanks to the donation of equipment, software and support by Ag Leader Technology. “I’ve been working with Matt Darr, who teaches the TSM (Technology Systems Management) 333 ‘Precision Farming Systems’ course every fall semester,” says Michael Vos, Software Sales Manager at Ag Leader.

Vos has worked with Darr since he was in the graduate program at Ohio State University before his arrival at Iowa State. Now they work together to make the class the best it can be. And not only do Iowa State students benefit, but so do students at South Dakota State, Kansas State and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Off-site students at the three partner universities will watch the recorded lectures. For the lab work, Iowa State sends each ag engineering college the precision ag hardware, SMS software, simulation software and complete installation instruction to set up their own lab.

“In the lab, students have a computer with a precision agriculture display next to it. The computer has simulations of planting, spraying and harvesting, giving hands-on experience in running each task, recording data, transferring data to our SMS software, writing prescriptions, working with aerial imagery, soil samples and much, much more,” Vos says.

Iowa State Professor, Matt Darr updating Ag Leader personnel on Iowa State’s precision ag programs/classes.

Vos, backed by his ten years of experience with Ag Leader since he graduated from Iowa State, also guest lecturers in Darr’s class. “I give students perspectives into the world of precision agriculture, the types of jobs available, as well as answer many questions during the course. We want to make sure students have a fundamental understanding of the complexity of this technology, the critical thinking skills needed to make processes and technology work, and as much hands-on experience as they can get to help prepare them to resolve conflict—in sensors and people,” Vos says.

Visit these links for more information.

2007 Story on Ag Leader Creates Precision Ag Lab at ISU
http://www.abe.iastate.edu/no_cache/news-events-amp-seminars/news-article/article/1368/1311.html

ISU Technology Systems Management (TSM) Program
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~catalog/2007-2009/courses/tsm.html

ISU Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
http://www.abe.iastate.edu./

Energy costs can be huge on some farms–from dairies to fruits and vegetables. In this age of greater precision to find ways to cut costs, an orchard in Massachusetts pursued grants to install solar panels to reduce its $80,000 annual electrical costs, according to a piece in The Telegram in Worcester.

Carlson Orchard, selling apples since 1938, has installed 1,050 solar panels, thanks to a combination of federal and state grants and private financing.

David Weiher, a friend of the Carlson family, said the idea of installing solar panels at the farm had been discussed many times, but the demands of the harvest and running the farm always took precedence over developing something new. He said it wasn’t until Symantha Gates, founded EC3 Sustainability Consulting in Amherst, N.H., and was looking for a green project to do, that idea became reality.

Ms. Gates said she is not a farmer and is not really good at growing things, but she understands what goes on behind the scenes at Carlson Orchards, including a heavy reliance on energy for its cooling barns to store fruit in. She brought together $1.25 million in financing for the project from private, federal and state sources, including $900,000 in grants.

Among the grants received was a $565,000 grant from the Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, a $30,000 grant from the state Department of Agricultural Resources and $287,638 from the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Granted, this is a big application, but Carlson says this solar installation should pay for itself in five years.

Make the trek to central Iowa near Boone for the nation’s greatest summer agricultural showcase, the annual Farm Progress Show, held August 31 through September 2.

Precision agriculture demonstrations return to the Farm Progress Show and will share space with the standard field demonstrations. Strip till is gaining popularity across the Midwest. These demonstrations will be located east of the exhibit site in field demonstration number. For further information, check with the information booths or the video monitors throughout the grounds when you arrive. Demonstrations will be open from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. daily.

Some precision companies will share space with the strip-till equipment makers. Other stand-alone precision and strip-till companies will also be demonstrating equipment and will be available to talk with you.

“There are no formal presentations there,” explains Matt Jungmann, Farm Progress national shows manager. “Visit with the companies you want to talk with at your convenience.”

Precision and strip-till technology demonstration area is designed to be educational. The one-on-one time you spend learning about the technology will be very helpful as you make decisions about implementing it into your operation.

Plan to attend
The 2010 Farm Progress Show takes place east of Boone, Iowa, Aug.31 to Sept. 2. The exhibit field is open to visitors 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Tuesday and Wednesday and from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m. Thursday. The public is welcome. For a full schedule of events and more detailed information, visit www.FarmProgressShow.com.

Precision agriculture and the economics of technology will be the focus of the Ohio State University Extension Central Ohio Agronomy Field Day on Aug. 25.

The event will be held from 9 a.m. until 2:30 p.m. at David Miller Farm, 10750 Millersport Road, Millersport, Ohio. Registration is $10, payable by noon the day of the event.

Precision farming topics include:

• “Yield monitor benefits–Using Yield Map Data to go VRT; Using Remote Sensing for Enhancing Profit Potential.”
• “GPS Options and Accuracy, Autosteer Benefits and Limitations, and Automatic Section Control.”
• “Use of RTK, CORS, Nitrogen Sensors, Grid Sampling, Infrared Sensing, and More.”

Other topics being covered throughout the day include corn and soybean disease and plant health reports, assessing fertility programs, identifying nutrient issues, anaerobic digestion economic opportunities, and watershed management.

Certified crop advisor credits will be available.

The field day is sponsored by OSU Extension offices of Fairfield, Licking, Perry, and Pickaway counties. Additional sponsors include Farm Credit Services, Laurelville Grain, ADM Grain, Southwest Ohio Corn Growers, New Era Liquids, Agro-Chem East, Coschocton Grain, Wilmington Case IH Super Store, and Ohio Soybean Council.

For more information, check out this link.

Abstract  It has been suggested that apple ( Malus * domestica Borkh) flowering distribution maps can be used for site-specific management decisions. The objectives of this study were (i) to study the flower density variability in an apple orchard using image analysis and (ii) to model the correlation between flower density as determined from image analysis and fruit yield. The research was carried out in a commercial apple orchard in Central Greece. In April 2007, when the trees were at full bloom, photos of the trees were taken following a systematic uniform random sampling procedure. In September 2007, yield mapping was carried out measuring yield per ten trees and recording the position of the centre of the ten trees. Using this data (the measured yield of the trees and the pictures samples, representing the flower distribution), an image processing-based algorithm was developed that predicts tree yield by analyzing the picture of the tree at full bloom. For the evaluation of the algorithm, a case study scenario is presented where the error of the predicted yield was set at 18%. These results indicated that potential yield could be predicted early in the season from flowering distribution maps and could be used for orchard management during the growing season.

• Content Type Journal Article
• DOI 10.1007/s11119-010-9187-0
• Authors
  • A. D. Aggelopoulou, Faculty of Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytoko Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Magnesia, Greece
  • D. Bochtis, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aarhus, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
  • S. Fountas, Faculty of Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytoko Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Magnesia, Greece
  • K. C. Swain, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Aarhus, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
  • T. A. Gemtos, Faculty of Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytoko Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Magnesia, Greece
  • G. D. Nanos, Faculty of Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, Fytoko Str., N. Ionia, 38446 Magnesia, Greece

• Journal Precision Agriculture
• Online ISSN 1573-1618
• Print ISSN 1385-2256

Nothing like moving across country to put you a bit behind. Just a couple of things left over from last month’s 10th International Conference on Precision Agriculture that I wanted to share with you. First and foremost is the awards handed out at the ICPA gathering. The awards were presented by Paul Schrimpf, Group Editor the CropLife Media Group at Meister Media Worldwide, which includes PrecisionAg.com, the award sponsors.

Paul presented the Farmer Award to Ken Dalenberg (above) of Marshfield, Illinois – who was recognized for the role he has played in helping to develop and promote new agricultural technology for crop management. Ken has worked with a number of research projects on his farm to evaluate precision farming technology, along with other innovative products and practices through the University of Illinois, the Potash & Phosphate Institute, the United Soybean Board, and others.

Dr. Jess Lowenberg-DeBoer of Purdue University (left) and Dr. Harold Reetz (right, below) of Reetz Agronomics were honored with Legacy Awards during the conference. Dr. Lowenberg-DeBoer’s work in precision agriculture economics included groundbreaking research into the profitability of every aspect of it, including tracking the adoption of technology at the farm and service provider level, which played an important role in the growth of precision.

Reetz has been a champion of technology and precision agriculture throughout his four decade-long career, founding the InfoAg Conference in the mid-1990s as a way of getting people together to share experiences and build a networked community of vendors, users, and service providers. Now with Reetz Agronomics, Harold continues his champion role, especially as it applies to the conservation aspects of precision technology, and he serves on the board of the Conservation Technology and Information Center.

Picking up the Consultant/Entrepreneur Award was the OptiGro Team at Jimmy Sanders, Inc. of Cleveland, MS. Accepting the award on behalf of the team was Clint Jayroe (left). OptiGro provides agricultural advice, information, and precision agriculture resources to farmer-customers for maximum return on investment, while Jimmy Sanders, Inc. has been an agricultural leader and innovator in the Mid-South since 1953, serving production agriculture with farm inputs and on-farm expertise for the Mississippi River Delta region. They service a diverse crop mix of rice, cotton, corn, soybeans, wheat, grain sorghum and even specialty crops such as sweet potatoes and peanuts.

In addition, there were several student winners recognized at the event, including: Eric Allphin, Xystus Amakor, David Harper, Ming Li, Joe David Luck, Daniel K. Mullenix, Georg Ruß, Ajay Sharda, Yeyin Shi and Luciano S. Shiratsuchi. You can see all the photos in the ICPA Photo Album.

Special thanks to for sponsoring our trip to the 10th International Conference on Precision Agriculture.

As the dog days of summer heat up and are still delivering too much rain in many areas of the central Corn Belt, it’s a good time to pull out the combine manual and start gearing up for Midwest corn and soybean harvest.

We spoke this week with Nick Ohrtman, technical support supervisor at Ag Leader Technology, who provided a good pre-harvest checklist that works fairly universally no matter what Ag Leader display you operate. And these same philosophies will work with other monitors; just get the specific details from your operator’s manual.

1. If you haven’t already, create a backup of your spring and summer information.
2. Make sure your display firmware, manual and all connected modules are up-to-date. Find them on the Ag Leader website under Customer Support.
3. If you have purchased a new combine or new heads, create new configurations for any setup that is different from last fall. Remove all old configurations.

Inspect the Combine and Components
1. Check to make sure all cables are properly attached and in good condition.
2. Remove flow sensor and inspect for damage.
3. Check the elevator deflector and impact plate for wear. Verify you have the proper clearance at the top of the clean grain elevator. Clearance should be between 3/8- and 5/8-inch.

Sensor Calibrations—Before going to the field
For step-by-step instructions on how to do these calibrations, consult the Grain Harvest section of the display manual.

1. Calibrate stop height. This will set the height when the display stops recording harvested area as the header is raised at the end of the pass. Stop height calibration is required for each grain type.
2. Run a distance calibration. This will calibrate the ground speed sensor connected to the display. Note: If you are using GPS speed as the primary speed sensor, you will still need to calibrate the backup sensor. Measure off 200-400 feet, drive that distance and record any difference in length.
3. Calibrate temperature. This will set the temperature offset to help provide a correct moisture reading.
4. Run a vibration calibration. The vibration calibration is used to compensate for the amount of force that is being measured by the flow sensor with no grain flow.

Sensor Calibrations—In the field
1. Calibrate moisture. This will set the moisture offset to help provide accurate moisture and yield readings. Moisture calibration is required for each grain type. Take 4-8 samples from a wagon/truck load, then plug in the average reading.
2. Calibrate grain weight. This is critical, and you need to run four to six smaller loads (in the 3,000 to 6,000 lb. range) at varying field speeds, so enlist your nearest weigh wagon owner. If done correctly, this will provide accurate yield readings across all flow ranges. Calibration is required each year and for each grain type. If your average harvest speed is 4.5 mph, then make sure you run loads at 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5 and a maximum speed. And with Ag Leader displays, you can do this at any time during harvest, because once calibrated it will back calibrate any harvest data already completed.

Have a safe harvest season.

Visit these links for more information.

Product Manuals – http://www.agleader.com/customer-support/product-manuals/

June Insights Newsletter – http://www.agleader.com/media-center/insights-newsletter/

In an era of continued concern for the environment and tighter regulations, it simply makes sense to ensure we practice precision crop protection application on every acre.

To this end, the Center for Integrated Pest Management (CIPM) announced the launch of a new Pesticide Environmental Stewardship (PES) website. The site (http://pesticidestewardship.org) is designed for anyone who applies, sells, stores, or disposes of pesticides; provides advice or training on pesticide use; or is involved in pesticide stewardship or regulation.

“Our ultimate goal is to cover the basic tenets that apply regardless of who you are, where you live or the pest you’re trying to control,” says Wayne Buhler of North Carolina State University, PES national coordinator and a Pesticide Safety Education Program coordinator for North Carolina. “There are fundamental principles and practices to be aware of whether you are protecting agricultural crops, homegrown vegetables, a lawn or golf course. We hope that whenever the choice is made to use a pesticide, good stewardship practices will be followed.”

The new website complements the work of county extension agents and state-level Pesticide Safety Education programs. It covers a wide variety of stewardship topics, ranging from pesticide storage, handling and disposal…to how to avoid drift, runoff and leaching during and after the application. Homeowners can go straight to a section geared to their needs.

Buhler’s colleagues in the Pesticide Safety Education Program from across the United States were instrumental in the development of PES, including Ron Gardner of Cornell University, Carol Ramsay of Washington State University, Jim Wilson of South Dakota State University and Fred Whitford of Purdue University. Other scientists in academia, extension, government and industry (http://pesticidestewardship.org/Pages/About.aspx) partnered with CIPM on the project, including members of the Weed Science Society of America, the Entomological Society of America and the American Phytopathological Society.

“We know there is a wealth of expertise in the public and private sector regarding pesticide stewardship,” observes Ron Gardner. “We look forward to a growing list of partners who will help us add value to current and future topics on the site.”

A pesticide resistance management topic is currently under development. Future plans include educational quizzes to reinforce important stewardship concepts and self-assessment tools to evaluate personal stewardship practices.

“Search the web for phrases like ‘pesticide stewardship and drift’ and you will get thousands of results,” says Carol Somody, senior stewardship manager for Syngenta Crop Protection and PES industry coordinator. “It can be quite overwhelming to someone who wants to start with the basics, and teaching the basics is the purpose of PES. It provides a much-needed entry point to essential pesticide stewardship information.”

10 Stewardship Tips from the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship (PES) Website

1. Read the label before buying the pesticide.

2. Buy only the amount of pesticide needed for one season.

3. As a general rule of thumb, the temperature inside the storage area should not get below 40 F or over 100 F.

4. Calibrate equipment carefully to assure that the pesticide is applied at labeled rates.

5. Be aware of the current and probable future weather conditions in order to make the best application decisions to prevent drift.

6. Locate the mixing/loading site away from wells, streams and lakes.

7. Never leave a tank while it is being filled and pay constant attention during filling to prevent overfilling and spilling of the pesticide on the ground.

8. When you empty a container, allow it to drain into the spray tank for 10 seconds after it begins to drip.

9. Remember that exceeding the label rate of application is a violation of the law!

10. Follow the label each time you mix and use the pesticide, and follow the label when storing or disposing of the pesticide. Do not trust your memory.

Abstract  One approach to the application of site-specific techniques and technologies in precision agriculture is to subdivide a field into a few contiguous homogenous zones, often referred to as management zones (MZs). Delineating MZs can be based on some sort of clustering, however there is no widely accepted method. The application of fuzzy set theory to clustering has enabled researchers to account better for the continuous variation in natural phenomena. Moreover, the methods based on non-parametric density estimation can detect clusters of unequal size and dispersion. The objectives of this paper were to: (1) compare different procedures for creating management zones and (2) determine the relation of the MZs delineated with potential yield. One hundred georeferenced point measurements of soil and crop properties were obtained from a 12 ha field cropped with durum wheat for two seasons. The trial was carried out at the experimental farm of CRA-CER in Foggia (Italy). All variables were interpolated on a 1 × 1 m grid using the geostatistical techniques of kriging and cokriging. The techniques compared to identify MZs were: (1) the ISODATA method, (2) the fuzzy c-means algorithm and (3) a non-parametric density algorithm. The ISODATA method, which was the simplest, subdivided the field into three distinct classes of suitable size for uniform management, whereas the other two methods created two classes. The non-parametric density algorithm characterized the edge properties between adjacent clusters more efficiently than the fuzzy method. The clusters from the non-parametric density algorithm and yield maps for three seasons (2005–2006, 2006–2007 and 2007–2008) were compared and agreement measures were computed. The kappa coefficients for the three seasons were negative or small positive values which indicate only slight agreement. These results illustrate the importance of temporal variation in spatial variation of yield in rainfed conditions, which limits the use of the MZ approach.

• Content Type Journal Article
• DOI 10.1007/s11119-010-9183-4
• Authors
  • F. Guastaferro, CRA-SCA, Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments, via C. Ulpiani 5, 70125 Bari, Italy
  • A. Castrignanò, CRA-SCA, Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments, via C. Ulpiani 5, 70125 Bari, Italy
  • D. De Benedetto, CRA-SCA, Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments, via C. Ulpiani 5, 70125 Bari, Italy
  • D. Sollitto, CRA-SCA, Research Unit for Cropping Systems in Dry Environments, via C. Ulpiani 5, 70125 Bari, Italy
  • A. Troccoli, CRA-CER, Experimental Center for the Cereals, S.S. 16 km 675, 71100 Foggia, Italy
  • B. Cafarelli, Department of Economical, Mathematical and Statistical Science (DSEMS), University of Foggia, Largo Papa Giovanni Paolo II, 71100 Foggia, Italy

• Journal Precision Agriculture
• Online ISSN 1573-1618
• Print ISSN 1385-2256

To help growers in the UK adapt to changes in EU pesticide regulations, the British government is funding applied R&D on over 30 innovative projects, including precsion weed mapping.

According to a report in Science Business, one of the projects that has won funding in this first tranche of grants, entitled ‘Automating weed mapping in arable fields for precision farming’ involves four companies, Masstock Arable UK Ltd, Knight Farm Machinery Ltd, Patchwork Technology Ltd, Syngenta Crop Protection UK, working with Reading University.

The aim is to develop a global positioning system-linked computer-controlled digital camera system that can be mounted on farm machinery, such as tractors, sprayers or combine harvesters, to map and geo-reference weeds such as black-grass, which occur in patches in arable crops.  A machine vision system using digital cameras will be linked to image analysis software, to identify the weeds present and estimate their densities.

Benefits of the system include reducing the cost of weed control to the farmer, cutting herbicide use and the early detection of herbicide resistance.

Taking into account contributions from the companies that are taking part, the total value of the R&D is in excess of £25 million.  The thirty two consortia will bring together over 100 companies, research establishments and other organisations.

Technology Strategy Board Chief Executive Iain Gray said the grants are the first made under the Sustainable Agriculture and Food Innovation Platform, which aims to bring government, business and researchers together to stimulate the development of new technologies that will increase food productivity, while decreasing the environmental impact of the food and farming industries.

The Sustainable Agriculture & Food Innovation Platform will invest up to £90 million over the next five years in projects and initiatives across the agri-food sector, focusing on areas such as crop productivity, sustainable livestock production and the reduction of food chain waste and greenhouse gas emissions.

A precision agriculture pioneer was on hand last week for the Conservation Technology and Information Center (CTIC) Conservation in Action tour near Williamsburg, Virginia.

Harold Reetz, who founded the InfoAg Conference, is one of the board members for the CTIC. He recently retired after 28 years with the International Plant Nutrition Institute and started Reetz Agronomics.

As a champion of technology and precision agriculture throughout his four decade-long career, Reetz was one of the recipients of the Legacy Award in the PrecisionAg Awards of Excellence program for 2010 at the recent International Conference on Precision Agriculture.

In an interview with Chuck Zimmerman at the CTIC board meeting last week, Harold said he has three passions – high yield production systems, precision technology and conservation. Harold Reetz Interview

Conservation In Action Tour 2010 Photo Album

AgWired coverage of the Conservation In Action Tour last week was made
possible by and the

Research shows a lightbar can pay for itself in three years on only 300 acres. It can be done with a GPS receiver that receives the free WAAS correction signal that functions within 12-inch accuracy.

This was just one precision farming economic message presented by Matt Darr, Iowa State University ag engineer, during a field day at its Northern Research Farm field day, according to a story in AgriNews.

“This is suitable for non-critical guidance, including tillage, spraying and seeding/drilling,” Darr said. “They are also used for autoswath systems on sprayers, but accuracy will decline in larger fields.”

Investing in a $2,000 light bar for a sprayer can cut chemical costs by 4 to 8 percent per year, Darr said. In areas with rugged terrain, the savings have been as much as 17 percent.

Dual frequency correction offers advances over single frequency correction and provides pass-to-pass accuracy within 4-inches or better, Darr said. This works well for precise auto steering for planting and for planter section control. It requires a yearly subscription that can range from $800 to $1,500.

Real Time Kenematic, or RTK, correction is the most accurate GPS correction because it uses a privately-owned reference station located close to the GPS receiver. RTK can provide one-inch pass-to-pass accuracy and is the only GPS correction that provides year-to-year position stability. RTK allows controlled traffic, strip tillage/fertilization/planting and extremely precise autosteering. Darr said that although RTK receiver costs have come down, the investment is still high from a cost and complexity standpoint.

RTK networks maintained by groups of implement dealers are available for a subscription fee. The cost is similar to a dual frequency subscription.

Read the story to learn more about more network choices and their value.